self-transforming materials

4D printing builds upon traditional 3D printing by incorporating smart materials that respond to environmental changes like temperature, light, and moisture. These materials allow printed objects to adapt or change shape over time, opening up possibilities in fields like medicine, soft robotics, and aerospace engineering. For example, medical implants could adjust to a patient’s body or robotic systems could become more adaptable. Though still in its experimental stages, 4D printing could revolutionize how industries think about manufacturing, creating sustainable, responsive products.